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Can Years of Discrimination Disrupt Stress Hormones? By Julie Deardoff

Oct. 4, 2015

Can Years of Discrimination Disrupt Stress Hormones?
 By Julie Deardoff
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“There’s a fair amount of research on how discrimination affects people in the moment. But we haven’t been sufficiently considering the wear and tear and accumulation of discrimination over lifetimes,” says Emma Adam. PHOTO: Versus And Company/Flickr

(TriceEdneyWire.com) - Feelings of discrimination can change how our bodies control levels of the stress hormone cortisol. That’s true for both whites and blacks, but new research suggests African Americans are especially vulnerable, particularly teenagers.

Data collected during a 20-year period show that the more discrimination people experience throughout adolescence and early adulthood, the more dysfunctional their cortisol rhythms are by age 32.

In times of stress, the body releases several hormones, including cortisol. Ideally, cortisol levels are high in the morning to help energize us for the day. At night, cortisol levels wane as the body prepares for sleep.

Previous research indicates that discrimination can affect the natural rhythm of this process. Young adults from racial/ethnic minority groups who perceive more discrimination have higher levels of cortisol in the evening and less decline in cortisol levels across the day than those who perceive less discrimination in their lives.

Having flatter or dysfunctional cortisol levels throughout the day is linked with fatigue, cardiovascular disease, and impaired memory.

“We found cumulative experiences matter and that discrimination mattered more for blacks,” says study lead author Emma Adam, a developmental psychologist at Northwestern University’s School of Education and Social Policy.

“We saw a flattening of cortisol levels for both blacks and whites, but blacks also had an overall drop in levels. The surprise was that this was particularly true for discrimination that happened during adolescence.”

Adams says adolescence might be an important time period “because there are a lot of changes in the brain and body. When you experience perceived discrimination during this period of change, it’s more likely that those effects are built into the system and have a bigger impact.”

The researchers measured discrimination from ages 12 to 32, prospectively. They also assessed adult cortisol levels over a seven-day period. Using modeling, they determined the age range during which discrimination most dramatically affected cortisol. Even after controlling for income, education, depression, times of waking, and other health behaviors, they still couldn’t explain or remove the effects of discrimination, “making it unlikely that those other factors play a role,” Adam says.

“We’ve been trying to solve the mystery behind why African Americans have flatter diurnal cortisol rhythms than whites,” Adam says.

“There’s a fair amount of research on how discrimination affects people in the moment. But we haven’t sufficiently considered the wear and tear and accumulation of discrimination over lifetimes.  Our study offers the first empirical demonstration that everyday discrimination affects biology in ways that have small but cumulative negative effects over time.”

The findings appear in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology.

Julie Deardoff is a writer and media relations specialist at Northwestern University.


Dr. Allix B. James, Virginia Union University Dean, Lived a Remarkable Life

Oct. 4, 2015

Dr. Allix B. James, Virginia Union University Dean, Lived a Remarkable Life

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Special to the Trice Edney News Wire from the Richmond Free Press

(TriceEdneyWire.com) - Dr. Allix Bledsoe James wore many hats during his distinguished 70-plus years of public service to education and the community.

He was a renowned educator and pastor and a trailblazer in numerous arenas.

His chief loves were his family and his late wife of 67 years, Susie Nickens James, and his beloved alma mater, Virginia Union University.

His distinguished career at the university started in 1947 as an instructor of biblical studies. He rose in responsibility and leadership — from dean of students to dean of the School of Theology — to serve as VUU’s seventh president from 1970 to 1979.

Dr. James also made history as the first African-American to be elected president of the American Association of Theological Schools; the first to serve as Virginia region president of the National Conference of Christians and Jews, now the National Conference for Community and Justice; the first to be elected president of the Virginia State Board of Education; and the first to chair the Richmond Planning Commission.

He also was the first African-American to serve on a major corporate board in Virginia — Virginia Power.

Dr. James is being remembered following his death Saturday, Sept. 26, 2015. He was 92.

His remarkable life will be celebrated beginning Friday, Oct. 2, with a family visitation at Ebenezer Baptist Church, 216 W. Leigh St., in Jackson Ward. Memorial tributes will be conducted at 6:30 p.m. by Alpha Phi Alpha and Sigma Pi Phi fraternities, of which he was a member.

His funeral will be 11 a.m. Saturday, Oct. 3, in the chapel that bears his name in Coburn Hall on the VUU campus.

A selfless public servant, Dr. James was associated with more than 50 national, state and local organizations. He was one of the first investors in Paradigm Communications Inc., which publishes the Richmond Free Press, and served on its board. Most recently, he was featured in the Free Press’ annual “Most Cherished Holiday Memories” in December 2014.

His uncompromising stance for civil rights and human rights was embodied in his actions. When VUU students were arrested in the late 1960s while protesting segregation in the city, he and his wife put up their home to post bond.

He challenged his colleagues on the state Board of Education to give high school seniors more than one opportunity to pass newly implemented minimum competency tests.

As VUU president, he helped establish Community Learning Week as a citywide celebration to honor Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

At age 91, he talked about how the struggle for equal rights and justice continues during remarks he made at the January 2014 Community Leaders Breakfast when he was presented the Lifetime of Service Award by Dr. W. Franklyn Richardson, chairman of the VUU board of trustees.

“As we face the rising sun of a new day that has begun, let us march on, fight on, legislate on, work on until the reality of Martin Luther King’s dream becomes a true factor in American life. Until it is really honored and respected. Until complete victory is won,” Dr. James said to a standing ovation.

As news of his death spread, words of tribute and remembrance quickly poured in from those whose lives were touched by Dr. James.

Dr. John W. Kinney recalled how Dr. James recruited him to come to VUU as a student in 1969, later taught him as a graduate student at the university’s seminary, encouraged him to earn a doctorate, and later, with two other former theology school deans, convinced him to accept his current position as dean of VUU’s Samuel DeWitt Proctor School of Theology.

“He was a principled man who always wanted things done decently and in order,” Dr. Kinney said. “He was an authentic man of faith and purpose who breathed life into everything that he was involved with.

“He had a tremendous spirit of generosity, and I’m not just talking about money,” he added. “He always wanted to help you to be the best you could be. He always offered you encouragement, support and affirmation.”

Mayor Dwight C. Jones, who earned a bachelor’s degree from VUU in 1970 and a master’s of divinity degree from its theology school, said Dr. James played a transformational role in his life.

“Dr. James took a personal interest in students and often invited them to his home where he and his wife imparted invaluable and practical guidance,” the mayor said.

“His counsel is one of the main reasons I remained in Richmond,” he added. “He always felt that my destiny had called me to be in this place. He was an inspired leader who made a difference in so many lives.”

U.S. Sen. Tim Kaine recalled, “As a neighbor of Virginia Union and later as a member of the Richmond City Council, I came to know Dr. James many years ago.

“In his leadership at Union, and in his deep engagement with philanthropic and civic causes in Richmond, we all came to respect and rely upon his calm public spirit and his ever present good will. Our community is better because of him.”

Born Dec. 17, 1922, in Marshall, Texas, Dr. James was the son of a Baptist minister who became an ordained minister himself. He earned an associate degree from St. Philip’s Junior College in San Antonio, and moved to Richmond in 1942 to attend VUU. He earned a bachelor’s degree from Virginia Union in 1944, and a master’s of divinity degree from VUU in 1946.

Dr. James also earned a master’s and doctorate from Union Theological Seminary in Richmond.

As a young man, he served as pastor at Third Union Baptist Church in King William County, Mount Zion Baptist Church in Downings, and Union Zion Baptist Church in Gloucester County.

As he recalled in his memoir, “Three Score & Ten Plus: The Pilgrimage of an African American Educator,” Dr. James met his wife, a preacher’s daughter, while he was in seminary in October 1944. They were engaged during the Christmas holiday that year and married on the first anniversary of his father’s death, Feb. 14, 1945.

Living in Richmond, they raised two children, Alvan Bosworth James, a Baptist minister who died in 1999, and Portia V. James-Stubbs, a guidance counselor with Richmond Public Schools.

This has been a particularly difficult time for the James family. Mrs. James-Stubbs’ husband, Covye M. Stubbs, died on Thursday, Sept. 24, 2015.

Nothing meant more to Dr. James than his family and VUU. During his first year as president at his alma mater, Coburn Hall burned to the ground. It was one of the original buildings on the Lombardy Street campus and held the university’s chapel. After being rebuilt in 1991, the chapel was named in his honor.

Under Dr. James’ leadership as president, VUU thrived on many fronts. Its student population grew, along with its academic programs and funding. His ties and high regard in the business community enabled him to successfully establish a corporate gift program to support the university and renovations to many of the university’s facilities. Most notable was a $2 million gift from Sydney and Frances Lewis of Richmond, the late owners of the former Best Products Co. Their gift was matched by the Ford Foundation.

The university’s Department of Commerce was upgraded and renamed, becoming the Sydney Lewis School of Business Administration. It also achieved full accreditation in the process.

Dr. James also instituted the music program from which the university band was organized and hired two coaches that have served as a staple in the CIAA history books — Panther football Coach Willard Bailey and basketball Coach Dave Robbins, the first non-African-American to coach in the CIAA.

Both, along with Dr. James, have been inducted into the CIAA Hall of Fame. Coach Bailey was the winningest football coach in CIAA history and won seven conference titles. Coach Robbins led the Panthers to three national championships, 14 CIAA championships and 21 NCAA tournament appearances.

Dr. James also worked to strengthen VUU’s connections with the community. For years, the Community Leaders Breakfast component of Community Learning Week was held on the VUU campus until its popularity drew crowds too large for the campus facility to handle and it was moved to a Downtown hotel. The event returned to VUU in January 2015 with the opening of the Claude G. Perkins Living and Learning Center.

Additionally, Upward Bound, a preparatory program for college-bound youths, was started on the VUU campus.

Among his many recognitions, Dr. James was listed in publications such as “5,000 Personalities in the World,” “Who’s Who in the World,” “Who’s Who in America” and “Who’s Who Among Black Americans.”

Survivors include his daughter, Mrs. James-Stubbs; daughter-in-law, Rosalyn James; goddaughter, retired Richmond Circuit Court Judge Margaret P. Spencer; and a host of other relatives and friends.

Entombment will be private at Forest Lawn Mausoleum.

The family asks that, in lieu of flowers, memorial contributions be made to the Endowment Fund at VUU or the Ebenezer Baptist Church Scholarship Fund.

 

All Female Anti-Poaching Team Acclaimed for Saving Lives

Oct. 4, 2015

All Female Anti-Poaching Team Acclaimed for Saving Lives

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C.Ngobeni and F. Mogakane PHOTO: Courtesy/UNEP/Sari Goodfriend

Special to the Trice Edney News Wire from Global Information Network

(TriceEdneyWire.com) - Saving the rhinos was probably farthest from the imagination of Collet Ngobeni and Felicia Mogakane when they were making their career choices.

Yet an offer to join South Africa’s first all-female anti-poaching team won them over instantly.

Ngobeni, 30, and Mogakane, 27, are two of the original members of the 24-strong Black Mambas, a group set up in 2013 to protect the private Balule wildlife reserve, a park that borders the Kruger National Park, and its resident rhinos.

Both women saw this as an opportunity to play in role in conservation in South Africa.

The team, which does not carry guns, has been praised for reducing snaring by 76% in the reserve, saving the lives of rhinos whose horns are highly prized on the black market, and putting poachers out of action. In the last 10 months the reserve has not lost a rhino, while a neighboring reserve lost 23.

The reserve uses a team of 29 armed guards, 26 unarmed Black Mambas, and an intelligence team that seeks to stop the poachers before they can kill. The Mambas’ main job is to be seen patrolling the fence. They also set up listening posts to hear vehicles, voices and gunshots and patrol the reserve on foot, calling in the armed guards whenever they find something.

This week, wearing camouflage uniforms, black angle boots and large hoop earrings, the women picked up the Champions of the Earth award, U.N.’s top environmental prize.

“My mother said I shouldn’t take this job as it was for men and I’d be killed, but I wanted people, and my daughter, to respect me,” said Ngobeni, mother of 4-year-old Nesakelo.

“All people from my country need to protect our nature and our heritage. This is for our future generations,” she said.

The two women are on their first trip outside South Africa just as the United Nations kickstarts a 15-year global plan to end poverty, empower women and combat climate change.

The Black Mambas patrol the Balule reserve for 21 days at a time, walking up to 20 kilometers a day as they check fences and seek out poachers, their trails, camps and snares.

“We’re called the Black Mambas because we can bite and we can strike as fast as lightening,” Mogakane told the Reuters news service with a laugh. 

BMW to Pay $1.6 Mil; Plus Offer Jobs to Settle Federal Race Discrimination Suit

Oct. 3, 2015

BMW to Pay $1.6 Million; Plus Offer Jobs to Settle Federal Race Discrimination Suit
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(TriceEdneyWire.com) - The U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina today entered a consent decree ordering BMW Manufacturing Co., LLC (BMW) to pay $1.6 million and provide job opportunities to alleged victims of race discrimination as part of the resolution of a lawsuit filed by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

The lawsuit, filed by EEOC's Charlotte District Office, alleged that BMW excluded African-American logistics workers from employment at a disproportionate rate when the company's new logistics contractor applied BMW's criminal conviction records guidelines to incumbent logistics employees.

More specifically, the complaint alleged that when BMW switched contractors handling the company's logistics at its production facility in Spartanburg, S.C., in the summer of 2008, it required the new contractor to perform a criminal background screen on all existing logistics employees who re-applied to continue working in their positions at BMW. At that time, BMW's criminal conviction records guidelines excluded from employment all persons with convictions in certain categories of crime, regardless of how long ago the employee had been convicted or whether the conviction was for a misdemeanor or felony.

According to the complaint, after the criminal background checks were performed, BMW learned that approximately 100 incumbent logistics workers at the facility, including employees who had worked at there for several years, did not pass the screen. EEOC alleged that 80 percent of the incumbent workers disqualified from employment as a result of applying BMW's guidelines were black.

Following an investigation, EEOC filed suit alleging that blacks were disproportionately disqualified from employment as a result of the criminal conviction records guidelines. EEOC sought relief for 56 African-Americans who were discharged. BMW has since voluntarily changed its guidelines. 

BMW will pay a total of $1.6 million to resolve the litigation and two pending charges related to the company's previous criminal conviction records guidelines that had been filed with EEOC. In addition to monetary relief, BMW will offer employment opportunities to the discharged workers in the suit and up to 90 African-American applicants who BMW's contractor refused to hire based on BMW's previous conviction records guidelines. BMW also will provide training on using criminal history screening in a manner consistent with Title VII.  Additionally, BMW will be subject to reporting and monitoring requirements for the term of the consent decree.

"EEOC has been clear that while a company may choose to use criminal history as a screening device in employment, Title VII requires that when a criminal background screen results in the disproportionate exclusion of African-Americans from job opportunities, the employer must evaluate whether the policy is job related and consistent with a business necessity," said P. David Lopez, EEOC's General Counsel.

"We are pleased with BMW's agreement to resolve this disputed matter by providing both monetary relief and employment opportunities to the logistic workers who lost their jobs at the facility," said Lynette Barnes, regional attorney for the Charlotte District Office. "We commend BMW for re-evaluating its criminal conviction records guidelines that resulted in the discharge of these workers."

Legend or Legacy? by James Clingman

Oct. 3, 2015

Blackonomics

Legend or Legacy?
By James Clingman 

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(TriceEdneyWire.com) - “The ultimate test of man's conscience may be his willingness to sacrifice something today for future generations whose words of thanks will not be heard.”   Gaylord Nelson

One thing that prevents us from moving forward, economically and otherwise, is ego.  Many of our leaders are unwilling to elevate the collective in favor of their individual selfish desires.  We see it in our social organizations, our political circles, and in our churches.  Those in leadership positions refuse to work with others for fear of losing their status or not being in the spotlight, behind the microphone, or in camera-shot at a press conference.   Those kinds of individuals are focused on being legends rather than leaving a true legacy for the benefit of future generations.

Building one’s self up as a legend rather than, or at least in addition to building a legacy, is both short-sighted and detrimental to our people.  We end up with a lot of bluster but nothing substantive to show for our rhetoric.  Take a look back in history and see Black leaders who built legacies that are still helping our people.  You will find a pantheon of ancestors who selflessly devoted their lives to uplift Black people.

It is those people who built and left schools, business organizations, economic empowerment efforts, and political achievements that specifically benefited Black people.  They sacrificed their time, treasure, and talent for a cause greater than themselves.  They understood it was relatively easy to be a legend, but while it was much more difficult, it was better to leave a legacy.

“The greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.”  William James

Booker T. Washington left a legacy of economic empowerment and education by advocating for self-reliance and building Tuskegee University.  Marcus Garvey left a legacy of empowerment by establishing numerous businesses in Harlem and founding the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).  One of our contemporaries, Pastor Jonathan Weaver, founded the Collective Banking Group, now called the Collective Empowerment Group; they will celebrate their 20th anniversary in December 2015.  There are many others, past and present, that I could name, but you get the point I’m sure.

Today we have far too many of our folks trying to be legends instead of building and leaving a legacy.   They do a lot of talking, make a lot of empty promises, give tepid responses to problems, and offer worthless symbolic gestures that are soon lost in the shuffle of life.  They may be legendary in bombast and hype, but if they leave no legacy that benefits and can be perpetuated by future generations of Black people, their verbosity is virtually meaningless.  Legacy is not about an image we want to preserve, but a trust we want to pass on.

Don’t misunderstand; this is not an either-or issue.  We have many legends; Muhammad Ali immediately comes to my mind.  His legacy of standing on his beliefs, despite the dire consequences he faced nearly fifty years ago, inspires us today.  There are other legendary athletes, educators, and entertainers, and I applaud them for what they have done for us.  The point being made here is that when it comes to our economic and political advancement, we have too many folks simply trying to be legends only.

Wouldn’t it be a great legacy for the Congressional Black Caucus to eliminate that enslavement “exception” from the 13th amendment?  Wouldn’t it be a great legacy for Barack Obama to help get John Conyers’ reparations bill adopted?   Wouldn’t it be a great legacy for our super rich entertainers to fund the building of an economic enclave in Detroit, Baltimore, or Atlanta?  How about our athletes pooling some of their millions to build African-centered schools, and our business owners establishing entrepreneurship schools across this nation?  Some folks in these groups are indeed legends, but are they leaving true legacies?

Our focus must change if we are serious about attaining economic empowerment.  We must build; we must own; and we must control assets.  Individual ownership is a high priority, but collective ownership is an even higher priority in light of Black people being the third largest population and now fifth, on a relative scale, in vital business categories, i.e. number of firms with employees, annual revenues.  A glaring example is this: There are 382,521 Indian-Asian firms; they command annual receipts of $251 billion, compared to 2.6 million Black firms with annual revenues of $187.6 billion.  Our legacy must include growing and passing on businesses to the next generation.

“While it is well enough to leave footprints on the sands of time, it is even more important to make sure they point in a commendable direction.”  -  James Cabell

“We will all leave here; but what will we leave here?”  - Jim Clingman

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